一、时态和语态 前言
考试题型及考试重点：
考试题型：
有五种题型：1.阅读理解；2.词汇和语法；3.挑错；4.英译汉；5.汉译英
从英语学习的一般规律来看，在英语学习的初级阶段，一般说来，要把语法放在非常重要的地位。因为语法作为语言的规则，是构成语言的框架，没有规则不成方圆。
在三级考试中，语法和词汇中的语法要占到15～20道题，在第三题的改错中全部考的是语法，语法的考察在30～35之间。因此，要求我们在做三级试题的时候必须拿下28～30道题。
语法的考试点及考试规律：
1）三级考试所考察的语法只是一些语法的规则。
2）考试具有重复性。
3）语法考试的普遍性：在所有这些语法中，每年都会涉及到一些不是非常重要的语法。
要求大家必须做到的：
1）听懂课堂上所讲的内容
2）熟悉语法的规则
3）会做后面的练习。
（一）时态
英语中一共有16种时态：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。但从92年以来的考题统计来看，时态考题中，考查将来完成时最多，时态考查的次序依次为：将来完成时—— 过去完成时 —— 现在完成进行时 —— 现在完成时。
先看以下各题：
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started
C.have already started
D.have already been started
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
9）When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.（2003.11）
A.has left
B.was leaving
C.would leave
D.had left
10）Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
「**」BCDBD CBDDA
「评析」
1.以上试题对时态的考查可以分为两部分内容，一部分是与条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态有关，如2）和4）；另一部分是与完成时态有关，其余各题便是如此。
2.一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用一般过去时表示过去将来。如2）和4）。
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
**：C
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
**：B
再如：
If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to come
A B C
and see me when he will be free.（2000.6 ）
D
**：D.will be 应改为is.
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
3.现在完成时有两种用法，一种表示过去发生，但对现在有影响的动作或状态，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非确定性过去的时间状语连用，如3）。
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
**：C
再如：
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of the experiments.
同时，注意上句中副词already的位置。
现在完成时的另外一种用法是：表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，如6）：
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
**：C
同时，还要注意这道试题反映出来的另外一个问题：在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。
4.过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去发生的动作或状态"，如7）
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
**：B
5.将来完成时态表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作。如1）和5）。
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started.
C.have already started
D.have already been started
**：B
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
**：D
再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A.will have risen
B.has risen
C.will be rising
D.has been rising
**：A
6.与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍在进行，如8）和10）。
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
**：D
10）Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
**：A
再如：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
「考试策略」
1）根据时间状语选择时态，特别是完成时的时间状语一般表示"到……为止"，以"by"短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般用完成时态，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
2）如果没有时间状语，那就根据试题中出现的动作发生的顺序做出判断。如：
He found the book that he had lost.
A B
3）注意特殊句型中的时态，如：
①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
我刚放下话筒，电话又响了。
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
他们一得到消息，他们就去酒吧喝酒了。
②祈使句表
